Basic statistics
Figure 33.1 Frequency histogram of the data in Table 33.1 Assessing normality An assumption that data are normally distributed underlies many of the commonly used statistical techniques. Therefore, statisticians need…
Human metabolism: carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Figure 9.1 Maintenance of ATP levels Carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrates are the only fuels that can be respired anaerobically and, moreover, glucose represents the most accessible energy source for many cells…
Biophysics
Figure 10.1 His–Purkinje system In an ECG, the P wave represents atrial depolarisation, while atrial repolarisation occurs during ventricular depolarisation and hence is not visualised. The QRS wave represents ventricular…
Development of the heart and the fetal circulation
Figure 14.1 Embryo at day 18 showing the cardiogenic field and the formation of the pericardial cavity The Heart Tube The embryo folds both cephalocaudally and laterally (Figures 14.2 and…
Data interpretation
Figure 36.1 How would you interpret this result? A. Dilutional anaemia B. Folate deficiency anaemia C. Iron deficiency anaemia D. Normal full blood count E. Vitamin B12 deficiency Comment: The…
Single-gene and chromosome abnormalities
Figure 18.1 Structure of a chromosome The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are known as autosomes and have been designated the numbers 1 through to 22 depending upon the decreasing…
Early embryology
Figure 11.1 Stages of pre-embryonic development during the first week Figure 11.2 Early stages of implantation The morula soon shows signs of further differentiation. Cavities appear within the centre of…
Development of the urogenital tract
Figure 12.1 The intermediate mesoderm and the development of the urogenital organs in the early embryo (week 3) Figure 12.2 Schematic representation of the three types of excretory organs formed…
Basic immunology
Figure 19.1 Pathways of complement activation The classic pathway is initiated by the binding of antibody to antigen, with the antibody being either IgG or IgM bound to the surface…
Cell and molecular biology
Figure 5.1 Diagram of a human cell showing major organelles Nucleus The nucleus is the largest organelle. It contains the cell’s chromosomes and is the place where almost all DNA…
