● INTRODUCTION Understanding the spatial relationship and anatomy of the cardiac chambers is an essential prerequisite step to the ultrasound evaluation of the fetal heart. The cardiac chambers differ in…
● INTRODUCTION The application of fetal echocardiography in clinical practice is primarily used to identify fetuses with structural heart abnormalities. For this purpose, extensive expertise has amassed over the past…
● INTRODUCTION It is generally acknowledged that anomalies of aortic arch branching are best understood when basic embryology of the aortic arch is reviewed. The hypothetical double aortic arch theory, suggested…
● INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, the widespread adoption of first-trimester risk assessment with nuchal translucency (NT) and other first-trimester ultrasound markers increased interest in early anomaly scan in general…
● INTRODUCTION The sonographic assessment of the fetal venous system has seen significant advances over the past 20 years, since the pioneering work on the ductus venosus (DV) by Kiserud…
● COMMON ARTERIAL TRUNK Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Common arterial trunk (CAT), also referred to as persistent truncus arteriosus, truncus arteriosus communis, and aorticopulmonary trunk, is characterized by…
● AORTIC STENOSIS Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Aortic stenosis is defined as narrowing at the level of the aortic valve leading to an obstruction of left ventricular outflow (Fig….
● UNIVENTRICULAR ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONNECTION Univentricular atrioventricular connection describes a group of cardiac malformations where the atrioventricular connection is completely or predominantly to a single ventricular chamber. Embryologically, this malformation is…
● INTRODUCTION The sonographic assessment in axial planes of the vessels in the upper fetal thorax was first described in the mid-1980s (1) and early 1990s (2). The value of…
● INTRODUCTION The advent of pulsed and color Doppler techniques in the early and late eighties allowed for the noninvasive examination of the fetal cardiovascular system. This significant imaging advancement…
