Cranial Developmental Abnormalities   Omar Khwaja   The central nervous system (CNS) is the most complex organ in the human body comprising a highly organized anatomic scaffold of billions of…

Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections   Sophie Hambleton   The human α-herpesvirus, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), is a highly successful pathogen that has coevolved with its human hosts over millennia. The majority of…

Disorders of Tyrosine Metabolism   Bernd Christian Schwahn   The five known inherited disorders in the metabolism of the nonessential amino acid tyrosine are each very rare and present in…

Antifungal Therapy   Patricia M. Flynn   Antifungal agents are available in systemic and topical formulations, and some are available in both forms. Topical antifungal agents, because they are poorly…

Anatomic Disorders of the Esophagus   Dave R. Lal   Congenital atresia of the esophagus and tracheoesophageal fistula occur in 1 of every 2500 to 3000 live births. Other congenital…

Enterovirus Infections   José R. Romero   The Enteroviruses constitute a genus within the Picornaviridae family of viruses. As their family name implies, these viral agents are small (ie, “pico”),…

Disorders of the Upper Extremity   Marybeth Ezaki   This brief section is meant to cover the upper extremity conditions that are commonly seen or are important for timely diagnoses…

Rhabdomyosarcoma   Douglas S. Hawkins and Frederic G. Barr   Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue tumor in children, representing approximately 5% of all cancers among children and…

Evaluation of the Infant and Child with Liver Disease   Robert H. Squires Jr.   Evidence of liver disease in children may take different forms. Physical findings are the most…

Cat Scratch Disease (Bartonella henselae)   Moshe Ephros and Michael Giladi   Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a ubiquitous, self-limited infection characterized by prolonged regional lymphadenitis and often an inoculation…