● DILATED AND HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the myocardium affecting the left, right, or both ventricles and are commonly associated with abnormal cardiac function. Myocardial changes associated with…
● INTRODUCTION Color and pulsed Doppler ultrasound was introduced to clinical practice about two decades ago, and its clinical application in fetal echocardiography was quickly accepted (1–8). Color and pulsed…
● INTRODUCTION The first step in the ultrasonographic evaluation of the fetus is the assessment of fetal visceral situs as some organs are arranged symmetrically and others, such as the…
● INTRODUCTION The visualization of the great vessels is currently part of the basic obstetric ultrasound examination, and thus a good understanding of the anatomic relationship of the great vessels…
● INTRODUCTION Older literature suggested that genetic diseases contributed minimally to the origin of congenital heart disease (CHD), with the majority of defects thought to result from multifactorial causes. Current knowledge…
● INTRODUCTION Despite the advent of sophisticated ultrasound devices and tools in the last several years, the basic examination of the fetal heart is still best performed with two-dimensional (2D)…
● INCIDENCE OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most common severe congenital abnormalities (1). Half of the CHD cases are, however, minor and are easily corrected…
● INTRODUCTION The spectrum of congenital cardiac anomalies presented in this book can be better understood if the reader has some basic knowledge on cardiac development. In the last 30…
● INTRODUCTION Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common congenital malformations in utero, with an incidence of about 8/1,000 live births (1). Prenatal diagnosis of CHD is…
● INTRODUCTION Since the early days of fetal echocardiography, various biometric cardiac dimensions have been measured and reference ranges reported. Original cardiac measurements were performed using M-mode, with the M-mode…
