CHAPTER 3 Examination for cervical precancer: Use of colposcopy 3.1 Introduction In the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), exfoliative cytology, molecular tests for detecting the presence of human papilloma…
CHAPTER 10 Perianal and anal intraepithelial neoplasia 10.1 Epidemiology The natural history of perianal and anal in situ intraepithelial neoplasia is uncertain in comparison with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), in…
CHAPTER 5 Cytology and screening for cervical precancer 5.1 Introduction Precancerous cervical cells cause no symptoms and may only be detected by population screening methods. The use of cytology to…
CHAPTER 2 Human papillomaviruses in the pathogenesis of lower genital tract neoplasia 2.1 Introduction Since 1978, it has been well recognized that human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are frequently associated with…
CHAPTER 11 Genital tract adenosis 11.1 Introduction Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was developed in the 1940s on the assumption that it prevented pregnancy complications, namely miscarriage. However, by the 1970s it was…
Pregnancy and antenatal care INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW General practitioners see patients throughout their life cycle, and integrative healthcare begins before conception and continues throughout pregnancy. Depending on your practice environment,…
Introduction to Mendelian Inheritance Disorders with Mendelian inheritance, which are also known as single gene disorders, are due to major effects of one or both members of a pair of…
The large majority of Robertsonian translocations are between non-homologous acrocentric chromosomes, and the 13;14 Robertsonian translocation is the most common. The short arm of an acrocentric chromosome is comprised of…
Introduction to Non-Mendelian Inheritance Non-Mendelian disorders have patterns of inheritance which do not conform to Mendel’s Law of Segregation where each ovum or sperm receives only one copy of a…
Heterozygous mutations in the TCF2 (transcription factor 2) gene are an important cause of bilateral hyperechogenic kidneys and kidneys with cystic dysplasia. The phenotype associated with TCF2 gene mutations is…
