Single-gene and chromosome abnormalities
Figure 18.1 Structure of a chromosome The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are known as autosomes and have been designated the numbers 1 through to 22 depending upon the decreasing…
Early embryology
Figure 11.1 Stages of pre-embryonic development during the first week Figure 11.2 Early stages of implantation The morula soon shows signs of further differentiation. Cavities appear within the centre of…
Development of the urogenital tract
Figure 12.1 The intermediate mesoderm and the development of the urogenital organs in the early embryo (week 3) Figure 12.2 Schematic representation of the three types of excretory organs formed…
Basic immunology
Figure 19.1 Pathways of complement activation The classic pathway is initiated by the binding of antibody to antigen, with the antibody being either IgG or IgM bound to the surface…
Cell and molecular biology
Figure 5.1 Diagram of a human cell showing major organelles Nucleus The nucleus is the largest organelle. It contains the cell’s chromosomes and is the place where almost all DNA…
Epidemiology
Figure 35.1 Causes of maternal death by geographic region between 1990 and 2013 Reproduced with permission from http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(14)60696-6.pdf Stillbirths And Neonatal Deaths The Perinatal Mortality Surveillance Report which provides information…
Physiology of pregnancy
Figure 31.1 Maternal intravascular volume changes Table 31.2 Normal range of arterial blood gases pH 7.35–7.45 PaO2 9.3–13.3 kPa (80–100 mmHg) PaCO2 4.7–6.0 kPa (35–45 mmHg) HCO3– 22–26 mmol/l Base excess –3 to +3 mmol/l Figure…
Steroids and prostaglandins
Figure 6.1 Overview of steroid hormone biosynthesis Four major sources of cholesterol are used for steroid hormone biosynthesis: de novo cholesterol biosynthesis (from acetate) plasma membrane intracellular lipid droplets (containing…
Fetal physiology
Figure 32.1 Fetal heart rate modulators The FHR decreases with advancing gestation, a reflection of the maturing parasympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic control also influences beat-to-beat variability via its interaction…
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and teratogenesis
Figure 26.1 The difference between a wide and narrow therapeutic window Pregnancy and pharmacokinetics Due to the very large physiological changes associated with pregnancy, it is mainly drug handling that…
