CHAPTER 6 Diagnosis of cervical precancer: Use of colposcopy 6.1 Introduction In the diagnosis of cervical precancer the four modalities, namely cytology, human papillomavirus (HPV)-related biomarkers, colposcopy, and histopathology, are…
CHAPTER 7 Management of cervical precancer 7.1 Introduction In the last four decades, management of the patient with an abnormal smear has undergone a series of significant changes. The standard…
CHAPTER 9 Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia 9.1 Introduction The concept of intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva has been with us since its description in the early part of the last century….
CHAPTER 4 Colposcopy of the normal cervix: A prerequisite to establishing the diagnosis of cervical precancer 4.1 Introduction Together with cytology, colposcopy is an important prerequisite for the diagnosis of…
CHAPTER 1 The histopathology of lower genital tract neoplasia 1.1 Introduction Approximately 1 in 10 female cancers diagnosed worldwide are cancers of the cervix. Except in countries with effective screening…
CHAPTER 12 Infective and other conditions causing confusion in diagnosis of lower genital tract precancer 12.1 Introduction There are many infective and other conditions that cause confusion in the diagnosis…
CHAPTER 8 Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia 8.1 Introduction Cancer of the vagina is a rare condition and represents approximately 1–3% of all gynecologic malignancies. The majority of these are squamous cell…
CHAPTER 3 Examination for cervical precancer: Use of colposcopy 3.1 Introduction In the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), exfoliative cytology, molecular tests for detecting the presence of human papilloma…
CHAPTER 10 Perianal and anal intraepithelial neoplasia 10.1 Epidemiology The natural history of perianal and anal in situ intraepithelial neoplasia is uncertain in comparison with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), in…
CHAPTER 5 Cytology and screening for cervical precancer 5.1 Introduction Precancerous cervical cells cause no symptoms and may only be detected by population screening methods. The use of cytology to…
