Abstract In vitro maturation (IVM) systems have been developed to support the growth and development of oocytes, from their most immature stages to developmentally competent oocytes. The IVM technique has…

Abstract Cryopreservation involves the cooling of cells and tissues to subzero temperatures to stop all biological activity and preserve them for future use. Initial cryopreservation methods were ineffective as simple…

Abstract In vitro fertilization (IVF) strives to ensure an in vitro environment that closely mimics the physiological environment of gametes. However, the providing of such conditions is limited by the…

Abstract Global tissue culture media were first developed by Ludwig and Ringer, nearly 150 years ago. These were simple salt solutions, simulating the properties of serum. The second generation of…

Abstract In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of techniques used to help with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with the conception. During IVF, oocytes are collected…

Abstract Initially, oocyte retrieval was considered a significant challenge and originally performed by laparotomy and/or by other laparoscopic techniques. However, apart from the complexity of such techniques, the overall success…

Abstract At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, there is an increase in bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, a stimulus for the growth and differentiation of follicular granulosa cells (GCs)….

Abstract Cervical mucus is a regulator of the sperm transfer from the vagina to the uterine cavity. Estradiol (E2) stimulates the production of large amounts of thin, watery, alkaline acellular…

Abstract The physiological importance of the female reproductive system is the production of offspring. The female produces gametes that can be fertilized by the male gamete to form the first…