Obgyn Key

3 Technique and Methods Basic Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Since Paul Lauterbur published his first reports on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 30 years ago, it has developed into the…

14 Autologous and Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction In general, breast plastic surgery techniques are performed for breast size reduction (Fig. 14.1), breast augmentation, and breast reconstruction. Reconstruction of the female breast…

6 Artifacts and Sources of Error Incorrect Positioning The patient to be examined is typically placed in the prone position. Ideally, the breasts are examined in a hanging position in…

9 Postoperative/Posttraumatic Changes Fat Necrosis Synonyms: liponecrosis microcystica calcificata. Fat necrosis is a localized area of dead adipose tissue characterized by morphological changes resulting from progressive enzymatic degradation. Leukocytic and…

7 Normal Findings in Breast MRI Morphology The adult female breast is composed of three different tissue components: skin, subcutaneous tissue, and breast tissue (parenchyma and stroma). Skin. The skin…

10 Borderline Lesions Papilloma Papillomas are characterized histopathologically as intraductal tumors composed of benign epithelial cells covering a central branching fibrovascular core. They are generally differentiated to include solitary intraductal…

13 Lymph Node Diagnostics Lymphogenous spread of breast cancer is most commonly to the axillary lymph nodes. Rarely, breast cancer may also spread to the internal mammary lymph nodes or,…

11 Intraductal Carcinomas Synonyms: ductal carcinoma in situ, DCIS. DCIS is characterized by a proliferation of malignant tumor cells that are confined to the ductal units of the breast and…

15 Breast MRI in Men Gynecomastia The term gynecomastia goes back to Galen (129–200 CE). It describes a benign, usually reversible, unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the male breast. Gynecomastia…