Obgyn Key

Podocin deficiency or podocin-induced focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) accounts for 10% to 30% of cases of pediatric steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. The age of onset ranges from younger than 1 year…

Darier disease is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the ATP2A2 gene6 that typically presents in children aged 5 to 15 years as keratotic papules in “seborrheic” distribution…

BONE MARROW Considerations on the Normal Marrow What is “normal” for a pediatric patient? The bone marrow is very dynamic in childhood, as reflected by the changes in hematologic values…

Neonatal Cholestasis Cholestasis is biochemically characterized by conjugated or mixed hyperbilirubinemia, with elevated alkaline phosphatase and GGT, although some cases of PFIC and bile acid synthesis defects may have normal…

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) esophagitis occurs primarily in immunocompromised patients, who may have life-threatening disease at the time of diagnosis.2 In immunocompetent patients, the infection is self-limited and resolves spontaneously…

Pediatric CNS tumors are classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification.1,2 The assigned WHO grade describes the biology of the lesion, but a low grade does not always…

Yeasts Differentiating features of yeasts in tissue include size (including size variability), shape of budding, formation of pseudohyphae, and pattern of inflammatory response (eTable 9.2). If only a few organisms…

BIOPSY DIAGNOSIS OF SOFT TISSUE LESIONS Biopsies of soft tissue tumors may be performed in several different ways. These include fine needle aspiration, large-needle core biopsy, open incisional biopsy, and…

Solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas (SPN) is a low-grade malignancy with epithelial differentiation, most common in adolescents and young women.4–6 The histopathologic features vary from solid to pseudopapillary to cystic…

Metabolic Disorders of Bone Bone biopsies may be used in the diagnosis of metabolic bone diseases in the pediatric population, such as rickets and renal osteodystrophy. Bone biopsy may also…