KEY POINTS 1. Very-low-birthweight infants are at risk of spontaneous germinal matrix–intraventricular hemorrhages (GM-IVHs). 2. GM-IVHs usually originate within the subependymal germinal matrix lining the ventricles and progress outwards into…
KEY POINTS 1. Blood pressure should be measured with the proper cuff size on the right upper arm with attention to technique when using oscillometric devices in neonates. 2. Blood…
KEY POINTS 1. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is an effective therapy for treating neonates with acute kidney injury (AKI) and inborn errors of metabolism with hyperammonemia. 2. Peritoneal dialysis is…
KEY POINTS 1. Platelets are anuclear cellular fragments that are released from megakaryocytes and are involved in primary hemostasis. 2. The normal platelet counts in newborn infants have been traditionally…
KEY POINTS 1. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease characterized by altered vascularization of the immature retina of premature infants and is common cause of reduced vision in the…
KEY POINTS 1. Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously referred to as “acute renal failure”, is defined by an abrupt change in the glomerular filtration rate with rising serum creatinine levels…
KEY POINTS 1. Neonatal encephalopathy is an alteration in consciousness or neurologic exam in newborn infants. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy accounts for nearly 50% of all cases. 2. Clinical presentation depends on…
KEY POINTS 1. In the United States an infant is born every 15 minutes who will develop symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS); each year, about 32,000 infants are estimated to…
KEY POINTS 1. Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in young infants. These malformations account for approximately 300,000 deaths yearly. 2. Cardiac septal defects…
KEY POINTS 1. Spina bifida is the most common nonlethal birth defect of the central nervous system and occurs when the vertebral column fails to close, resulting in neurologic impacts…
