CHAPTER 1 The histopathology of lower genital tract neoplasia 1.1 Introduction Approximately 1 in 10 female cancers diagnosed worldwide are cancers of the cervix. Except in countries with effective screening…
CHAPTER 12 Infective and other conditions causing confusion in diagnosis of lower genital tract precancer 12.1 Introduction There are many infective and other conditions that cause confusion in the diagnosis…
CHAPTER 8 Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia 8.1 Introduction Cancer of the vagina is a rare condition and represents approximately 1–3% of all gynecologic malignancies. The majority of these are squamous cell…
CHAPTER 3 Examination for cervical precancer: Use of colposcopy 3.1 Introduction In the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), exfoliative cytology, molecular tests for detecting the presence of human papilloma…
CHAPTER 10 Perianal and anal intraepithelial neoplasia 10.1 Epidemiology The natural history of perianal and anal in situ intraepithelial neoplasia is uncertain in comparison with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), in…
CHAPTER 5 Cytology and screening for cervical precancer 5.1 Introduction Precancerous cervical cells cause no symptoms and may only be detected by population screening methods. The use of cytology to…
CHAPTER 2 Human papillomaviruses in the pathogenesis of lower genital tract neoplasia 2.1 Introduction Since 1978, it has been well recognized that human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are frequently associated with…
CHAPTER 11 Genital tract adenosis 11.1 Introduction Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was developed in the 1940s on the assumption that it prevented pregnancy complications, namely miscarriage. However, by the 1970s it was…
Pregnancy and antenatal care INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW General practitioners see patients throughout their life cycle, and integrative healthcare begins before conception and continues throughout pregnancy. Depending on your practice environment,…
