Antenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease
Figure 9.1 The five axial views for optimal fetal heart screening. The color image shows the trachea (Tr), heart and great vessels, liver, and stomach, with the five planes of…
GYNECOLOGY
Fetal care and surveillance in women with congenital heart disease
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> Chapter 10 Fetal care and surveillance in women with congenital heart disease Christina K. H. Yu and Tiong Ghee Teoh Practical practice points 1. Women with…
Cardiac drugs in pregnancy
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> Chapter 7 Cardiac drugs in pregnancy Asma Khalil, Gerhard-Paul Diller, and Patrick O’Brien Practical practice points 1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II inhibitors are…
Surgical and catheter intervention during pregnancy in women with heart disease
(rad or millirad [mrad])The amount of energy locally deposited in tissue per unit mass of tissueMeasures concentration of energy deposition in tissueAssesses the potential biological risk to that specific tissue1…
Male menopause – similarities and differences with the female menopause
Figure 27.1. Levels of androgen resistance. Source: Carruthers M. J Sex Med 2008; 5: 998–1012. Consequences of androgen deficiency Partly modulated by one of the factors in testosterone deficiency, SHBG,…
Gynecological pathology in the menopause (excluding cancers)
Figure 14.1. An ultrasound scan of an ovarian endometrioma. Note the homogenous appearance of the ovarian mass. Picture courtesy of Dr. Yasmin Tan, Women’s Health and Research Centre of Australia….
Progestogens used in hormone replacement therapy
Figure 16.1. Endometrial histology with and without progestin in HRT. Images reproduced with the permission of Professor ARE Williams, University of Edinburgh. (a) Unopposed estrogen effect – disordered proliferative endometrial…
Fertility and premature menopause
X chromosome defectsTurner’s syndromeTrisomy XBalanced X chromosome translocationsX chromosome partial deletionsAutosomal chromosome mutations, e.g. SALT (galactosemia), FSHRAutoimmuneUp to 20% have a history of autoimmune disease Adrenal insufficiency Hypothroidism Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome I and…
Hormone replacement therapy and venous thrombosis
Figure 23.1. Pulmonary embolism. Risk factors There are a number of risk factors for venous thromboembolism. They fit into a more contemporary and extended version of Virchow’s triad (stasis, hypercoagulability,…
Estrogens used in current menopausal therapies
2.0 mg: Bedol® (ReSource Medical), Elleste-Solo 2 mg® (Meda), Zumenon® (Abbott Healthcare)Estradiol valerate1.0Climaval® (Novartis), Progynova® (Bayer)Conjugated equine estrogens0.3Premarin® (Pfizer)Estradiol, estrone, estriol mix0.6 (E2), 1.4 (E1), 0.27 (E3)Hormonin® (AMCo)Combined therapy17ß-estradiol0.5–2.00.5 mg:…
