● TETRALOGY OF FALLOT Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is characterized by a subaortic (malaligned) ventricular septal defect (VSD), an aortic root that overrides the…
● PULMONARY STENOSIS Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Pulmonary stenosis is a cardiac anomaly characterized by an obstruction to pulmonary arterial blood flow. Pulmonary stenosis can be due to…
● INTRODUCTION Three- (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound have become an important tool in obstetric imaging in the last decade. Unlike conventional two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound, 3D ultrasound provides a volume…
● HYPOPLASTIC LEFT HEART SYNDROME Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a group of complex cardiac malformations involving significant underdevelopment of the left ventricle…
● COMPLETE TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a common cardiac malformation with atrioventricular concordance and ventriculoarterial discordance….
● COARCTATION OF THE AORTA Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Coarctation of the aorta is a common anomaly, found in about 5% to 8% of newborns and infants with…
● FETAL HETEROTAXY WITH LEFT AND RIGHT ATRIAL ISOMERISM Definition, Terminology, and Incidence Situs Solitus and the Right-Sided and Left-Sided Organs The embryologic development of abdominal and thoracic structures follows…
● EBSTEIN ANOMALY Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence As explained in Chapters 5 and 7, the tricuspid valve inserts in the normal heart slightly more apically on the interventricular…
● INTRODUCTION Understanding the spatial relationship and anatomy of the cardiac chambers is an essential prerequisite step to the ultrasound evaluation of the fetal heart. The cardiac chambers differ in…
● INTRODUCTION The application of fetal echocardiography in clinical practice is primarily used to identify fetuses with structural heart abnormalities. For this purpose, extensive expertise has amassed over the past…
