Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)

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BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a form of modified cardiopulmonary bypass that has evolved since the beginnings of bypass in the 1950s.1 It can be used…

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Chronic Ventilation

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RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPING CHILD Print Section Listen Spontaneous ventilation requires adequate function of the central control of breathing, ventilator muscle function, and lung mechanics. Respiratory failure occurs when…

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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS) Print Section Listen Acute inflammation occurring as a result of either direct or indirect injury Hallmark of acute phase is diffuse alveolar damage…

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Asthma and Status Asthmaticus

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INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Asthma is a heterogeneous disease of bronchial inflammation and bronchospasm. Status asthmaticus is a state of respiratory compromise characterized by bronchial inflammation and bronchospasm secondary to…

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Other Critical Care Procedures

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NEEDLE CRICOTHYROTOMY Print Section Listen This procedure involves the creation of a communication between airway and skin via the cricothyroid membrane. An over-the-needle catheter is then passed through the membrane….

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Airway Clearance

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AIRWAY CLEARANCE – WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS? Print Section Listen INDICATIONS FOR AIRWAY CLEARANCE Indications for airway clearance include impaired mucocillary escalator function or impaired cough. According to the American…

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Patient Monitoring

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INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The aim of this chapter is to introduce the reader to commonly deployed patient monitoring devices in critical care medicine. It is necessary to have a…

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Vascular Access

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INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Although it is always best to utilize the least invasive access, central venous access is often required in the PICU. This chapter addresses central venous access…

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Endotracheal Intubation

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INDICATIONS Print Section Listen Respiratory Apnea Hypoventilation Severe respiratory distress/respiratory muscle weakness Acute respiratory failure (PaO2 <50 mmHg in patient with FiO2 >0.5 and PaCO2 >55 mmHg acutely) Need to…

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Cardiac Arrest

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BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Cardiac arrest is defined by a triad of derangements: Pulselessness Apnea Unresponsiveness This state leads to progressive tissue ischemia and organ dysfunction, which, if not rapidly…

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