Treatment Recommendations Modalities for Postoperative Pain and Effusion Controlling postoperative pain and effusion is crucial secondary to their role in muscle inhibition.30–32 Treatment options for swelling include cryotherapy and joint…
The goal of MPFL reconstruction is to replace the torn ligament with a graft that is stronger than the native MPFL and with a tension similar to the native ligament….
TREATMENT The goal of any treatment is to reduce pain and improve function of the knee. Surgical decisions are based on a number of factors including clinical symptoms; patient age;…
A tibial tubercle transfer (TTT) is a bone procedure—an osteotomy of the tibial tubercle (Fig. 20.1B). Due to the more extensive pathology and more invasive nature of a distal realignment,…
In 1963, Salter and Harris15 initially categorized fractures involving the physis (Fig. 36.2). This remains the most commonly used classification system guiding treatment of physeal injuries.15 Types I and II…
Female athletes have demonstrated the highest risk of ACL injury compared to their male counterparts, with incidence being two to eight times higher than males in soccer, basketball, and volleyball.2,15,18…
Most growth arrests are seen in the adolescent population; they most commonly occur after trauma. Mizuta et al.3 collected over 2,000 bony injuries in children with open physes and found…
A bone age determination, made by analyzing the patient’s hand radiograph, should be made in order to identify whether or not the patient has reached skeletal maturity.12 This determination can…
The extent of the ACL injury is an important determinant of which children can be considered for nonoperative management. In a tibial spine avulsion injury, the fracture of the intercondylar…
Risk factors such as family history and younger age at first dislocation have been associated with recurrent instability. As expected, abnormal anatomy including patellofemoral malalignment as measured by increased Q…
