Contraception and abortion
Key points • Approximately 45% of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended, and among women who experience unintended pregnancy, more than half are not using contraception. By age…
Endoscopy in minimally invasive gynecologic surgery
Key points • Technological developments in hysteroscopy and laparoscopy favor a smaller footprint to facilitate ambulatory procedures, with a trend toward smaller-caliber endoscopes and instruments and creative specimen removal with…
Additional considerations in gynecologic care
Key points • Depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder are treatable with medications or psychotherapy. • A history of manic or hypomanic symptoms increases the risk for…
Interaction of medical diseases and female physiology
Key points • Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods are safe, effective, and have minimal risk of user error; thus they have become the recommended option for most women with complicated…
History, physical examination, and preventive health care
Key points • Strive to become a culturally sensitive and aware physician with a nonjudgmental approach to women regardless of race or ethnicity, age, faith, disabilities, profession, sexual orientation/identity, or…
Reproductive endocrinology: Neuroendocrinology, Gonadotropins, Sex Steroids, Prostaglandins, Ovulation, Menstruation, and Hormone Assay
Key points • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs are synthesized by substitution of amino acids in the parent molecule at the 6 and 10 positions for GnRH agonists and at the…
Medical-legal risk management
Key points • Malpractice is patient injury secondary to failure to exercise that degree of care used by reasonably careful physician of like qualifications • Negligence is failure to extend…
Evidence-based medicine and clinical epidemiology
Key points • Evidence-based medicine (EBM) seeks to improve the care of patients and the delivery of care to patients. • Descriptive-observational studies, including cross-sectional studies and case series, help…
Reproductive anatomy: Gross and Microscopic Clinical Correlations
Key points • The labia majora are homologous to the scrotum in the man. The labia minora are homologous to the penile urethra and a portion of the skin of…
Fertilization and embryogenesis
Key points • Oocyte meiosis is arrested in prophase I from the fetal period until a luteinizing surge (LH) preceding ovulation. With the LH surge, the oocyte completes meiosis I…
