Key points • Continence is determined by the balance between forces that maintain urethral closure and those that affect detrusor function. Parasympathetic nervous system activity via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine stimulates…
Key points • Endometriosis is a benign, usually progressive, and sometimes recurrent disease that invades locally and disseminates widely. Causes include retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia, vascular metastasis, immunologic changes, iatrogenic…
Key points • Estimates of fecal incontinence range from 11% to 20% of community-dwelling women older than 64 years. More than 30% of women reporting urinary incontinence also report fecal…
Key points • The rate of ectopic pregnancy in the United States has remained fairly constant since the early 2000s and is approximately 6.6 in 1000 pregnancies in women aged…
Key points • Optimal preparation for an operation facilitates a successful result and protects the patient and physician. • The most significant risk factors for postoperative morbidity are preoperative conditions….
Key points • The average age of menopause in the United States is 51.3 years; it is younger in certain ethnic groups, and is genetically predetermined and is not related…
Key points • The breast consists of approximately 20% glandular tissue and 80% fat and connective tissue; increasing proportions of fibroglandular to fatty tissues are the mark of denser breasts….
Key points • Pregnancy loss affects approximately 10% to 30% of all clinically recognized pregnancies, with nearly 80% occurring in the first trimester. The majority of pregnancy losses are sporadic…
Key points • Gender identification in a newborn infant has emotional and psychological implications and should be performed as accurately as possible. However, in the setting of ambiguous genitalia, gender…
Key points • It is important to give the child a sense that she will be in control of the examination process. Emphasize that the most important part of the…
