Anterior Mediastinal Mass Eric J. Crotty, MD DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Common Normal Thymus Rebound Thymic Hyperplasia Lymphoma Less Common Germ Cell Tumor Lymphatic Malformation Thymic Cyst Rare but Important Langerhans Cell…

Scrotal Pain Eva Ilse Rubio, MD DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Common Epididymoorchitis Testicular Torsion Inguinal Hernia Torsion of Testicular/Epididymal Appendage Varicocele Hydrocele, Primary or Secondary Less Common Primary Neoplasm: Germ Cell Tumors,…

Bilateral Small Kidneys Sara M. O’Hara, MD, FAAP DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Common End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Cystic/Hereditary/Congenital Causes Glomerulonephritis Vasculitis Scarring Recurrent Infections Vesicoureteral Reflux Less Common Congenital Hypoplasia/Dysplasia Medically Induced/Iatrogenic…

Long Bone, Epiphyseal, Irregular or Stippled B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Common Normal Variant in Child (Mimic) Osteonecrosis Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) Less Common Rickets…

Bilateral Hydronephrosis Sara M. O’Hara, MD, FAAP DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Common Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Posterior Urethral Valves Neurogenic Bladder Less Common Megaureter Crossed Fused Ectopia Horseshoe Kidney Megacystis Megaureter Bladder Outlet…

Pseudoarthrosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Common Fracture, Nonunion Failed Graft Rare but Important Neurofibromatosis (NF) Congenital Pseudoarthrosis Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) Fibrous Dysplasia Ankylosing Spondylitis, Post-Trauma ESSENTIAL INFORMATION Helpful…

Skeletal Metastases Christopher G. Anton, MD DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Common Neuroblastoma Leukemia Less Common Rhabdomyosarcoma Ewing Sarcoma Osteosarcoma Retinoblastoma Lymphoma Medulloblastoma Rare but Important Clear Cell Sarcoma ESSENTIAL INFORMATION Key Differential…

Renal Calcifications Eva Ilse Rubio, MD DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Common Miscellaneous Hypercalcemia/Hypercalciuria Chronic Diuretic Therapy Renal Tubular Acidosis Medullary Sponge Kidney Tamm-Horsfall Proteins (Mimic) Less Common Chronic Glomerulonephritis Papillary Necrosis Infection/Infarction/Trauma…

Growth Plate, Premature Physeal Closure B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Common Fracture Less Common Osteomyelitis Septic Joint Iatrogenic (Surgical) Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) Ollier/Maffucci Syndrome (Mimic) Radiation-Induced…

Multiple Pulmonary Nodules Eva Ilse Rubio, MD DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Common Fungal Infection Mycoplasma Infection Less Common Tuberculosis (TB) Viral Infection Septic Emboli Metastatic Disease Lymphoproliferative Disease Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder Langerhans…