KEY POINTS 1. All newborns must have a hearing screen by the age of 1 month, a diagnostic audiologic test at 3 months if they do not pass their hearing…

KEY POINTS 1. Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is an association of congenital micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate that presents with tongue-based airway obstruction. 2. Infants with PRS can present with…

KEY POINTS 1. Congenital upper extremity differences are relatively rare but numerous and complex in nature. 2. Refer to a pediatric hand surgeon for management if an upper extremity congenital…

KEY POINTS 1. Chronic cardiopulmonary and neurologic disorders are the most common indications for neonatal tracheostomy, overtaking upper airway obstruction. 2. Noninvasive ventilation of neonates is likely reducing indications and…

KEY POINTS 1. At birth, the fetal-neonatal immune system gets activated. It is critical for survival to recognize and eliminate all the potentially dangerous pathogens in the infant’s external and…

KEY POINTS 1. Childbirth is a traumatic event; the head of the neonate is subject to multiple forces that, in turn, may result in clinically relevant neurologic injuries. 2. Extracranial…

KEY POINTS 1. Very-low-birthweight infants are at risk of spontaneous germinal matrix–intraventricular hemorrhages (GM-IVHs). 2. GM-IVHs usually originate within the subependymal germinal matrix lining the ventricles and progress outwards into…

KEY POINTS 1. Blood pressure should be measured with the proper cuff size on the right upper arm with attention to technique when using oscillometric devices in neonates. 2. Blood…

KEY POINTS 1. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is an effective therapy for treating neonates with acute kidney injury (AKI) and inborn errors of metabolism with hyperammonemia. 2. Peritoneal dialysis is…

KEY POINTS 1. Platelets are anuclear cellular fragments that are released from megakaryocytes and are involved in primary hemostasis. 2. The normal platelet counts in newborn infants have been traditionally…