Fig. 19.1 Finger immersion test of vasomotor sympathetic function. Hand is immersed for 30 min in a heated water bath. Digital pictures are taken (from left to right) at baseline…

Nerve conduction studies  Normal Right Left  Normal Right Left Sensory Motor Median    Median (at wrist to APB)    PL (ms) <3.2 2.6 2.1  DML (ms) <4.2 3.7 3.9  SNAP (mV) >14.0…

Fig. 7.1 F waves from left ulnar nerve in a healthy teenager. M-waves (left) exhibit higher amplitude and similar morphology with each stimulation; they occur first due to the proximity…

Fig. 5.1 Median motor study stimulating at the wrist (a) and at the antecubital fossa (b), recording abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle Fig. 5.2 Ulnar motor study stimulating at the…

Fig. 10.1 Position of the stimulating and recording electrodes when assessing jitter in the left orbicularis oculi The stimulation is given individually by single shocks gradually increasing the intensity until…

Fig. 6.1 Populations of ACh vesicles in the terminal nerve space (RRP: rapid release pool, recycling pool, reserve pool) Released ACh binds to receptors (AChRs) on the post-synaptic membrane (two…

Fig. 8.1 Changes to motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during corpus callosotomy following placement of interhemispheric retractor resulting in loss of MEPs to lower extremities (arrow). Note changes recorded primarily from…

Patient factors  Age  Height and/or length  Weight  Temperature  Anatomic variability (e.g., Martin-Gruber anastamosis) Environmental factors  Electrical (60 Hz) interference  Drug administration (pyridostigmine, neuromuscular blockade, botox) Machine/operator factors  Stimulation malposition  Electrode…

1. Routine sensory and motor nerve conduction studies   • At least one upper and one lower extremity   • It is preferable to focus on symptomatic extremities 2. Repetitive nerve stimulation   • Low frequency repetitive stimulation…