Early-Onset Sepsis
KEY POINTS 1. Early-onset sepsis (EOS) is defined by blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid culture-confirmed infection occurring 0 to 6 days after birth. 2. Incidence is highest among preterm infants, particularly…
PEDIATRICS
Human Milk
KEY POINTS 1. The female breast develops with chronologic maturation, during pregnancy, and with major physiologic/endocrine changes in preparation for lactation after delivery. 2. Care providers need to begin preparing…
Storage and Use of Human Milk in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
KEY POINTS 1. Human milk is an important source of nutrients, immunologic factors, and pre- and probiotic factors for preterm and critically ill infants for up to 6 months after…
Treatment of Apnea of Prematurity
KEY POINTS 1. There are three types of apnea: central, mixed, and obstructive. Mixed apnea is most common in longer episodes of apnea. 2. Apnea of prematurity is primarily due…
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
KEY POINTS 1. Minimally invasive surfactant therapy administered via a thin catheter is the most commonly studied less invasive surfactant administration strategy and has been shown to improve survival free…
Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
KEY POINTS 1. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) represents continued high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) after birth resulting in extrapulmonary shunting of the blood from pulmonary to systemic…
Possible Benefits and Risks of Using Probiotics in Neonates
KEY POINTS 1. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts by an adult host, are believed to and in many instances have been shown to confer health…
Neonatal Resuscitation
KEY POINTS 1. Knowledge of the normal physiologic transition from fetal to neonatal life and potential disruptions of this process is vital to a comprehensive understanding of neonatal resuscitation. 2….
Invasive and Noninvasive Ventilation Strategies
KEY POINTS 1. Endotracheal tube ventilation, also known as invasive ventilation, although life-saving, is associated with lung injury, especially in premature infants. 2. Volume-targeted ventilation is the preferred mode of…
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
KEY POINTS 1. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. 2. The etiopathology of RDS involves structural immaturity and surfactant deficiency in…
