KEY POINTS 1. Normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis production of cortisol and a normal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis are needed for the normal regulation of volume status, blood pressure, and serum sodium, potassium…
KEY POINTS 1. Congenital pituitary hormone deficiencies can be caused by maldevelopment of central brain structures, acute injury, and pituitary gene mutation. 2. The anterior pituitary is composed of four…
KEY POINTS 1. Late-onset sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit is defined by culture-confirmed infection ≥72 hours after birth. 2. Incidence is highest among preterm infants. 3. The pathophysiology…
KEY POINTS 1. All infants should be classified at birth with the use of appropriate anthropometric measurement techniques to determine risk status for complications such as hypoglycemia or catabolism. Growth…
KEY POINTS 1. Hypoglycemia is frequently seen in premature and critically ill term infants. 2. Neonates are at risk of hypoglycemia in the early neonatal period because of the abrupt…
KEY POINTS 1. Intestinal failure (IF) is defined as the loss of functional gut mass to levels below those needed for digestion and absorption of fluid and nutrients required to…
KEY POINTS 1. Parenteral nutrition is a necessary component of the nutritional and medical management of the premature infant. 2. The fluid, macronutrient, and micronutrient requirements are unique to the…
KEY POINTS 1. Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections can cause potentially devastating infections in newborn infants. 2. HSV has a double-stranded linear DNA genome and is seen in two…
KEY POINTS 1. The benefits of enteral nutrition for the preterm infant extend beyond growth and encompass gastrointestinal development and gut inflammatory balance. 2. Preterm infant intake of mother’s milk,…
KEY POINTS 1. Thyroid hormone signaling is required for both normal fetal and pediatric development. 2. The identification of genes critical for thyroid gland development and migration and thyroid hormone…
