Introduction Hypoventilation refers to an elevated level of arterial carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), typically resulting from ineffective gas exchange. Sleep-related hypoventilation based on pediatric polysomnographic scoring is defined by…
General considerations Historically, there have been more challenges in the evaluation and management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in infants compared to older children, but more recently OSA has been…
Introduction Since the first human electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in the 1920s, researchers have sought to best understand the significance of these tracings as they relate to the generators (e.g., cortical…
Introduction The assessment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in infants shares many similarities with older children. Polysomnography and clinical assessment are the cornerstones in both. Infants, however, have considerable changes…
Introduction “And this woman’s son died in the night …” 1 Kings 3: 19 (∼950 B.C.) Authors’ note to the reader: This chapter describes and discusses the sudden and unexpected…
Developmental changes in sleep behavior 0 to 24 months General considerations While there are general trends in normal sleep development across the first 2 years of life (and beyond) as…
Introduction Sleep is a behavioral state characterized by decreased motor activity and reduced interaction with the external environment with easy reversibility. It is one of the most vital primary activities…
Introduction Sleep is a vital process, characterized by decreased consciousness with inhibited motor activity and rapid reversibility. Respiratory physiology during sleep undergoes a multitude of maturational changes during childhood, especially…
KEY POINTS 1. Neonatal skin matures with gestational age with increasing thickness, less permeability, and higher density of sweat and sebaceous glands. Keratinization begins at 24 weeks and matures near…
KEY POINTS 1. Nearly half of all very low birth weight infants may have had brain injury due to hypoxia-ischemia, arterial ischemic stroke(s), inflammation, infection, and intraventricular hemorrhages (IVHs). 2….
