High-Frequency Ventilation
First described in the 1970s, high-frequency ventilation (HFV) is a form of mechanical ventilation that uses small tidal volumes, sometimes less than anatomic dead space, and very rapid ventilator rates…
PEDIATRICS
Nutritional Support
Optimal nutritional support is fundamental for the survival, good health, growth, and development of newborn infants who require intensive care, particularly those who require assisted ventilation. Most of these infants…
Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation
Background Although it is a life-saving intervention, mechanical ventilation is associated with many complications ( Box 24-1 ), making timely and safe weaning an important imperative. However, the process of…
Mechanical Ventilation: Disease-Specific Strategies
When noninvasive respiratory support is insufficient to achieve adequate gas exchange, insertion of an endotracheal tube and mechanical ventilator support may be necessary. Once it is determined that mechanical ventilation…
Special Techniques of Respiratory Support
Introduction The care of premature infants with respiratory failure has advanced considerably over the past decades, but a substantial proportion of very premature infants survive with some degree of respiratory,…
Non-invasive Respiratory Support
Noninvasive respiratory support refers to support provided to the nasal airway opening of spontaneously breathing infants in the absence of an endotracheal tube. This support consists of continuous positive airway…
Tidal Volume-Targeted Ventilation
As described in Chapter 15 , two fundamentally different approaches to positive pressure ventilation are possible. In pressure-controlled (PC) ventilation, the primary control variable governing gas delivery to the lungs…
Basic Modes of Synchronized Ventilation
Introduction The standard mode of ventilation used in newborn infants prior to the availability of synchronized ventilation was known as intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). This pressure-controlled, time-cycled mode of ventilation…
Principles of Lung-Protective Ventilation
Introduction Respiratory failure is a common and serious clinical condition in newborn infants that is associated with an increased risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although respiratory failure occurs in…
Oxygen Therapy
History of the Use of Oxygen in Clinical Medicine Although anecdotal information indicates that oxygen was already known by the Chinese in the thirteenth century, our present knowledge of its…
