Persistant back pain in children necessitates a thorough evaluation to rule out disorders that can result in significant morbidity, such as infection or tumor. Back pain in younger children is…

Hemostasis is a process that maintains normal blood flow through healthy vessels but, when a vessel is damaged, rapidly generates a clot at the site of vascular injury. The major…

Eye and Visual System Anatomy The anatomies of the eye and visual system are shown in Figs. 32.1 and 32.2 . The optic nerves, made up of the converging nerve…

Introduction Although children with musculoskeletal complaints may present with what appears to be an isolated, localized problem, complaints involving the musculoskeletal system (e.g., arthralgia, myalgia, joint swelling, poorly localized extremity…

Coma is the lack of any awareness of self and environment despite painful or other external stimulation ( Table 31.1 ). Delirium is an alternation in consciousness that falls along…

Dysmorphology evolved as a subset of clinical genetics that focused on standardizing the descriptive terminology used to define deviations from normal structural development in the context of syndromic disorders. These…

The term disorders of sex development (DSD) replaces the former terms intersex and hermaphroditism ( Table 23.1 ). The most common presenting symptom of DSD is atypical (ambiguous) genitalia at…

Introduction Headaches are classified as primary or secondary. Primary headaches are benign, are not caused by underlying disease or structural problems, and include migraines, tension-type headaches, and the trigeminal autonomic…

Introduction Paroxysmal neurologic symptoms are often referred to by the generic term “spells”; these paroxysmal events can be neurologic, cardiovascular, or gastrointestinal in origin. Most paroxysmal neurologic symptoms can be…

The history is the most important tool for identifying a psychiatric disorder. The initial focus in conducting the history is to establish rapport and to ensure the child’s safety with…