Chapter 9 – First Trimester Pregnancy
Abstract Elevated β-hCG in the maternal serum or urine is an indication of pregnancy. Once the hCG levels reach 1,000–2,000 mIU/ml a transvaginal ultrasound should be able to demonstrate a gestational…
GYNECOLOGY
Chapter 6 – Ovarian Anomalies and Pathology
Abstract There are several different definitions of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The most commonly used definition is the Rotterdam criteria, which states that the diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome requires…
Chapter 8 – Ultrasound-Guided Procedures
Abstract The vaginal probe is covered in a sterile plastic sheath, with an attached needle guide. The guide is used to align with each follicle at its largest diameter. A…
Chapter 5 – Endometriosis and Adenomyosis
Abstract Endometriosis is a condition in which functional endometrial glands are located outside the uterine cavity. Common sites are the pelvic peritoneum, the ovaries, uterine ligaments and rectovaginal septum. Chapter…
Chapter 10 – Ergonomics
Abstract Sonographers are at risk of injury to the shoulders, neck and back. It is important to be aware of your posture when scanning and not to place repetitive strain…
Chapter 7 – Hydrosalpinx
Abstract Hydrosalpinx is a fluid accumulation in the fallopian tube which has become blocked, at the fimbrial end and the isthmus. This blockage can be caused by infection, sexually transmitted…
Way forward
Fertility awareness In our society, fertility awareness (FA) is deficient, since cultural and religious factors increase the prevalence of misconceptions and myths. Core factors encompass low education, persistent health-related issues,…
Assisted reproductive techniques
Introduction “Assisted reproduction” is the support provided to address infertility issues. It refers to all methods that assist infertile couples to achieve pregnancy and give birth to their own babies….
Oxidative stress and oocyte microenvironment
Females inherit a reservoir of around 300,000 primordial follicles, with primary oocytes arrested at the first meiotic division. They attain maturation into the functional phase toward diversity periodically every month…
Pituitary disorders and subfertility
Introduction The pituitary gland, also called the master gland of the human endocrine system, is situated at the base of the skull within the sella turcica, a part of the…
