NEUROSURGICAL EMERGENCIES Print Section Listen MONRO KELLIE DOCTRINE Physiology: Most cases of neurosurgical emergencies are related to the volume-occupying relationship between the brain matter, cerebral blood volume, and cerebrospinal fluid…
INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE Print Section Listen Normal 0 to 20 mmHg CEREBRAL PERFUSION PRESSURE (CPP) Print Section Listen Formula: CPP = Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) − Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Infants: 40…
INDICATIONS FOR HEART TRANSPLANT Print Section Listen Heart transplantation can be utilized in patients with end-stage heart failure that is refractory to medical and surgical management. Common indications for transplant:…
INDICATIONS FOR MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT Print Section Listen Children with severe cardiac or respiratory failure that is refractory to medical management may require mechanical cardiorespiratory support. Transient respiratory and/or circulatory…
NORMAL CARDIAC ANATOMY (SEE FIGURE 34-1) Print Section Listen FIGURE 34-1 Normal cardiac anatomy. ACYANOTIC LESIONS Print Section Listen PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA) (SEE FIGURE 34-2) FIGURE 34-2 Patent ductus…
UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION Print Section Listen AIRWAY PHYSICS Poiseuille’s law Q=ΔPπr48ηl; r = Radius of airway Flow (Q) is proportional to the radius to the fourth power; incremental changes in…
BASIC RHYTHM INTERPRETATION Print Section Listen Electrocardiograms (ECGs) of normal infants and children are different from those of normal adults. Neonates and infants will demonstrate right ventricular (RV) dominance related…
RESPIRATORY MECHANICS Print Section Listen Developmental considerations Basal metabolic rate is higher in children than in adults, resulting in decreased metabolic reserve in the face of increased oxygen consumption during…
DEFINITIONS Print Section Listen pH = power of Hydrogen defined by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH=pK+log ([HCO3−]/0.03 PCO2) Acidosis = decrease in arterial pH Respiratory acidosis – caused by CO2 retention. This increases…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Mechanical ventilation is provided to ensure adequate oxygenation and minute ventilation. The means to achieve these goals will vary depending upon the lung pathophysiology. Indications to…
