Non-invasive Respiratory Support
Noninvasive respiratory support refers to support provided to the nasal airway opening of spontaneously breathing infants in the absence of an endotracheal tube. This support consists of continuous positive airway…
Tidal Volume-Targeted Ventilation
As described in Chapter 15 , two fundamentally different approaches to positive pressure ventilation are possible. In pressure-controlled (PC) ventilation, the primary control variable governing gas delivery to the lungs…
Basic Modes of Synchronized Ventilation
Introduction The standard mode of ventilation used in newborn infants prior to the availability of synchronized ventilation was known as intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). This pressure-controlled, time-cycled mode of ventilation…
Principles of Lung-Protective Ventilation
Introduction Respiratory failure is a common and serious clinical condition in newborn infants that is associated with an increased risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although respiratory failure occurs in…
Oxygen Therapy
History of the Use of Oxygen in Clinical Medicine Although anecdotal information indicates that oxygen was already known by the Chinese in the thirteenth century, our present knowledge of its…
Imaging: Radiography, Lung Ultrasound, and Other Imaging Modalities
Introduction Respiratory illnesses are among the most common and potentially life-threatening conditions encountered in the newborn. This makes the radiologic examination of the infant chest a common and essential tool…
Overview of Assisted Ventilation
Effective mechanical ventilation of newborn infants is a relatively late phenomenon in the care of newborn infants, having evolved within the lifetime of many practitioners active today. The death in…
Cardiovascular Assessment
Introduction The goals of neonatal intensive care include the preservation of cardiorespiratory function and optimal tissue oxygen delivery, prevention of cerebral injury, and ensuring survival with normal neurodevelopment. While respiratory…
Pulmonary Function and Graphics
Understanding the physiology of the normal lung, the pathophysiology of the diseased lung, and how various forms of respiratory support affect lung physiology and function are key to achieving the…
Blood Gases: Technical Aspects and Interpretation
Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the contributions of Drs David Durand and Nick Mickas, previous authors of this chapter. Arterial blood gas measurements are the gold standard by which the adequacy…
