Cerebral Palsy
Grade Modified Tardieu scale Modified Ashworth scale 0 No resistance to passive ROM No increase muscle to passive ROM 1 Slight resistance with no clear catch Slight increase in tone,…
Multi-ligament Laxity
Name Number Description Gene(s) Hypermobility Type 3 Type 3 presents with joint hypermobility and chronic musculoskeletal pain with associated frequent subluxations and dislocations COL3A1 TNXB Classical Types 1 and 2…
Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis
Fig. 1 Age distribution of children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) and septic arthritis (SA). White bars represent AHO, and dark bars represent SA A decrease in the incidence of…
Galeazzi and Essex Lopresti Injuries
Fig. 1 Lateral radiograph of a Galeazzi fracture with apex volar angulation and volar dislocation of the DRUJ. The distal ulnar physis is intact (Photo courtesy of Kevin J. Little,…
Acquired Vascular Disorders
Injury Warning signs on physical exam Indications for operating Arterial laceration Pulselessness and pallor distally; worsening pain Inadequate collateral circulation; impending ischemia, uncontrolled bleeding Venous laceration/degloving Congestion; swelling; worsening pain;…
Flexor Tendon Injuries
Score as a percent of normal Outcome tool Joints measured Formula for percent of normal motion Excellent Good Fair Poor Strickland–Glogovac score PIP and DIP Active PIP ± DIP flexion –…
Compartment Syndrome
Typically, surgery completed with the patient under general anesthesia. Preoperative antibiotics are given as indicated In the setting of an isolated upper extremity compartment syndrome, the patient is placed in…
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Fig. 1 A 14-year-old female with pain and right thoracic outlet syndrome attributed to cervical rib. The patient has decreased right arm abduction secondary to pain (Courtesy of Shriners Hospital…
The Gymnast
Fig. 1 Postero-anterior radiograph of a wrist with Grade 3 gymnast wrist . Note the widening of the distal radial physis The differential diagnosis includes scaphoid impaction syndrome and dorsal…
Transverse Myelitis Transverse myelitis and Neuralgic Amyotrophy Neuralgic amyotrophy
Fig. 1 The spinal cord is comprised of ventral and dorsal white and grey matter. The ventral grey matter of the spinal cord contains the alpha motor neuron. (Reproduced with…
