Pathogenesis and Transmission The causative agent for syphilis is Treponema pallidum. Minute abrasions on the vaginal mucosa provide an entry portal for the spirochete, and cervical eversion, hyperemia, and friability…
Organization of Critical Care The concept and development of critical care for all aspects of medicine and surgery began in the 1960s. The National Institutes of Health held a Consensus…
Risk Factors Selected risk factors for NTDs are listed in Table 14-1, and genetic factors represent the largest category. Isolated NTDs display multifactorial inheritance. The recurrence risk is approximately 3…
Delivery of the Head With each contraction, the vulvovaginal opening is dilated by the fetal head to gradually form an ovoid and finally, an almost circular opening (Fig. 27-1). This…
INVOLUTION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT Birth Canal Return to the nonpregnant state begins soon after delivery. The vagina and its outlet gradually diminish in size but rarely regain their nulliparous…
FIGURE 63-1 Proportion of malignancies during pregnancy and within 12 months of delivery in 4.85 million women from the California Cancer Registry. GI = gastrointestinal. (Data from Smith, 2003.) PRINCIPLES…
The likelihood of developing a thrombosis during pregnancy is especially increased in women with certain genetic risk factors. Indeed—and likely related—after personal history of thrombosis, the next most important individual…
Inadequate cervical dilation or fetal descent: Protracted labor—slow progress Arrested labor—no progress Inadequate expulsive effort—ineffective pushing Fetopelvic disproportion: Excessive fetal size Inadequate pelvic capacity Malpresentation or position of the fetus…
Thyroid Physiology and Pregnancy Maternal thyroid changes are substantial, and normally altered gland structure and function are sometimes confused with thyroid abnormalities. These alterations are discussed in detail in Chapter…
FIGURE 21-1 The phases of parturition. FIGURE 21-2 Composite of the average dilatation curve for labor in nulliparous women. The curve is based on analysis of data derived from a…
