Key points • Persistent abnormal bleeding after normal pregnancy, abortion, or ectopic pregnancy should lead to a consideration of the diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). Pulmonary nodules present on…
Key points • Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that has no mass or charge and travels at the speed of light. • The inverse square law states that…
Key points • The mean amount of menstrual blood loss in one cycle is approximately 35 mL but may be as much as 60 mL, with an average loss of…
Key points • The immune system consists of the innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate system is present at birth and consists of natural barriers, natural killer (NK) cells,…
Key points • The most common large cyst of the vulva is a cystic dilation of an obstructed Bartholin duct, with a lifetime risk estimated to be 2%. These cysts…
Key points • Pelvic organ prolapse is defined as the descent of one or more compartments of the vagina: the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, uterus (cervix), or apex…
Key points • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention regularly revises its treatment protocols for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This information may be accessed online at www .cdc.gov/publications ….
Key points • Continence is determined by the balance between forces that maintain urethral closure and those that affect detrusor function. Parasympathetic nervous system activity via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine stimulates…
Key points • Endometriosis is a benign, usually progressive, and sometimes recurrent disease that invades locally and disseminates widely. Causes include retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia, vascular metastasis, immunologic changes, iatrogenic…
Key points • Estimates of fecal incontinence range from 11% to 20% of community-dwelling women older than 64 years. More than 30% of women reporting urinary incontinence also report fecal…
