Androgen excess in women
Key points • The major androgen produced by the ovaries is testosterone and that of the adrenal glands is dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; many potent 11-oxo androgens produced by the adrenal glands…
Hyperprolactinemia: Evaluation and management
Key points • The main symptoms of hyperprolactinemia are galactorrhea and amenorrhea, the latter caused by alterations in normal gonadotropin-releasing hormone release. • Pathologic causes of hyperprolactinemia include pharmacologic agents,…
Neoplastic diseases of the vulva and vagina
Key points VULVAR PREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT DISEASE • Squamous cell carcinomas constitute 90% of primary vulvar malignancies. More than 80% of patients are older than 50 years at the time…
Malignant diseases of the ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum
Key points • Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer, but it occurs less often than endometrial cancers. • Ovarian cancers in women older than 50…
Primary and secondary amenorrhea and precocious puberty
Key points • Primary amenorrhea is diagnosed if no menstrual function has occurred by age 15, or 5 years after initial breast development. • Menarche is delayed approximately 0.4 year…
Perioperative management of complications: Fever, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Thromboembolic, Urinary Tract, Gastrointestinal, Wound, and Operative Site Complications; Neurologic Injury; Psychological Sequelae
Key points • Postoperative febrile morbidity is related to infection in approximately 20% of cases and noninfectious causes in 80% of cases. • Infection in older adults will not always…
Malignant diseases of the cervix: Microinvasive and Invasive Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Management
Key points • Carcinomas of the cervix are predominantly squamous cell carcinomas (85% to 90%), and approximately 10% to 15% are adenocarcinomas. • Squamous cell carcinomas are strongly associated with…
Malignant diseases of the uterus: Endometrial Hyperplasia, Endometrial Carcinoma, Sarcoma: Diagnosis and Management
Key points • Endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract. In the United States the lifetime risk of endometrial cancer is 3%. • Most women…
Intraepithelial neoplasia of the lower genital tract (cervix, vagina, vulva): Etiology, Screening, Diagnosis, Management
Key points • Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of virtually all cases of cervical dysplasia/cancer and many cases of vaginal and vulvar dysplasia/cancer. • The majority of HPV…
Primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Etiology, Diagnosis, Management
Key points • Approximately 75% of all women complain of primary dysmenorrhea. Approximately 15% have severe symptoms. • Education, supportive therapy, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are the treatments of choice…
