Prevention of multiple pregnancies in infertility treatment
The most important outcome of infertility treatment is a birth of a healthy baby. In many countries, in-vitro fertilisation treatments carry a high risk of twin pregnancy, which brings a…
Obstetric outcome and long-term follow up of children conceived through assisted reproduction
Most children born after assisted reproduction techniques are healthy. The most important risk associated with in-vitro fertilisation is the higher multiple birth rate, which may result in increased child morbidity…
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis to improve pregnancy outcomes in subfertility
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis provides prenatal genetic diagnosis before implantation, thus allowing detection of chromosomal abnormalities and their exclusion from embryo transfer in assisted reproductive technologies. Polar body, blastomere or trophectoderm…
Prevention and management of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is a relatively common complication of ovarian stimulation and can be life-threatening. The pathophysiology of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is characterised by increased capillary permeability, leading to leakage…
Vitrification of oocytes, embryos and blastocysts
In assisted reproductive technology, cryopreservation of human oocytes and embryos has been significantly improved by refined slow-cooling and the new vitrification method. The slow-cooling method requires a programmed cryo-machine, and…
In vitro fertilisation treatment and factors affecting success
The efficacy of assisted reproductive technologies has improved significantly over the past decades. The main indications for in vitro fertilisation include tubal obstruction, severe male-factor infertility, severe endometriosis, ovulatory dysfunction,…
Management of male-factor infertility
For many years, the management of male-factor infertility has been empirical rather than evidence-based. In current clinical practice, assisted reproductive techniques are the most successful methods of alleviating male-factor infertility….
Management of anovulatory infertility
Anovulatory subfertility is a heterogeneous condition with various underlying causes, which should be identified with appropriate history taking, physical examination and relevant investigations. Optimisation of body weight is essential in…
Role of reproductive surgery in the era of assisted reproductive technology
Reproductive surgery could be divided into surgery as a primary treatment for infertility, surgery to enhance in-vitro fertilisation outcome, and surgery for fertility preservation. A shift has occurred away from…
Assessment of male factor
The assessment of male infertility is largely based around the examination of a freshly produced ejaculate by a trained technician according to laboratory methods agreed by the World Health Organization….
