Late Responses
Fig. 7.1 F waves from left ulnar nerve in a healthy teenager. M-waves (left) exhibit higher amplitude and similar morphology with each stimulation; they occur first due to the proximity…
Motor Nerve Conduction Studies
Fig. 5.1 Median motor study stimulating at the wrist (a) and at the antecubital fossa (b), recording abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle Fig. 5.2 Ulnar motor study stimulating at the…
The Use of Stimulated EMG in the Diagnosis of Neuromuscular Junction Abnormality
Fig. 10.1 Position of the stimulating and recording electrodes when assessing jitter in the left orbicularis oculi The stimulation is given individually by single shocks gradually increasing the intensity until…
Repetitive Nerve Stimulation, Short and Long Exercise Tests
Fig. 6.1 Populations of ACh vesicles in the terminal nerve space (RRP: rapid release pool, recycling pool, reserve pool) Released ACh binds to receptors (AChRs) on the post-synaptic membrane (two…
Pediatric Intraoperative Neuromonitoring
Fig. 8.1 Changes to motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during corpus callosotomy following placement of interhemispheric retractor resulting in loss of MEPs to lower extremities (arrow). Note changes recorded primarily from…
Artifacts
Patient factors Age Height and/or length Weight Temperature Anatomic variability (e.g., Martin-Gruber anastamosis) Environmental factors Electrical (60 Hz) interference Drug administration (pyridostigmine, neuromuscular blockade, botox) Machine/operator factors Stimulation malposition Electrode…
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
1. Routine sensory and motor nerve conduction studies • At least one upper and one lower extremity • It is preferable to focus on symptomatic extremities 2. Repetitive nerve stimulation • Low frequency repetitive stimulation…
Epilogue
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017Hugh J. McMillan and Peter B. Kang (eds.)Pediatric Electromyographyhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61361-1_26 26. Epilogue Peter B. Kang1 and Hugh J. McMillan2 (1) Division of Pediatric Neurology, Shands Children’s Hospital, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL,…
Normal Values Tables
Age Amplitude (μV) Conduction velocity (m/s) Median nerve Term newborn ≥3.5 ≥22 0–1 month ≥3.5 ≥24 1–3 months ≥5 ≥25 3–6 months ≥5 ≥32 6–12 months ≥5 ≥33 1–2 years…
Neuromuscular Complications in the Critically Ill Child
Clinical Electrodiagnostic Facial bulbar weak Respiratory distress Other Contractures NCS Rep stim/SFEMG EMG Anterior horn cell Spinal muscular atrophy Common Possible Bell shaped chest Uncommon Low CMAP Normal Neurogenic…
