Carcinoma in situ
2Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK Overview The number of women with carcinoma in situ continues to increase and comprises approximately 25% of all ‘malignancy’ detected through screening…
Prognostic Factors
2King’s College London and Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Overview Prognostic factors are useful in guiding therapeutic decisions Axillary node metastasis, histological tumour grade and tumour…
Breast Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Genetics
2Genetic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, UK Overview The incidence of breast cancer in the world continues to increase The most significant risk factor for breast cancer is increasing age…
Psychological Impact of Breast Cancer
Overview Breast cancer has a significant psychological impact All centres treating patients with breast cancer would benefit from access to applied psychologists and a well developed system of psychosocial support…
Prevention of Breast Cancer
2Genetic Medicine St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, UK3Queen Mary Hospital The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Overview Improvements in our understanding of the aetiology of breast cancer have helped to…
Male menopause – similarities and differences with the female menopause
Figure 27.1. Levels of androgen resistance. Source: Carruthers M. J Sex Med 2008; 5: 998–1012. Consequences of androgen deficiency Partly modulated by one of the factors in testosterone deficiency, SHBG,…
Gynecological pathology in the menopause (excluding cancers)
Figure 14.1. An ultrasound scan of an ovarian endometrioma. Note the homogenous appearance of the ovarian mass. Picture courtesy of Dr. Yasmin Tan, Women’s Health and Research Centre of Australia….
Progestogens used in hormone replacement therapy
Figure 16.1. Endometrial histology with and without progestin in HRT. Images reproduced with the permission of Professor ARE Williams, University of Edinburgh. (a) Unopposed estrogen effect – disordered proliferative endometrial…
Fertility and premature menopause
X chromosome defectsTurner’s syndromeTrisomy XBalanced X chromosome translocationsX chromosome partial deletionsAutosomal chromosome mutations, e.g. SALT (galactosemia), FSHRAutoimmuneUp to 20% have a history of autoimmune disease Adrenal insufficiency Hypothroidism Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome I and…
