Fig. 7.1 TVS showing uniformly echogenic endometrium in the secretory phase Normal Sonographic Appearance of Endometrium in Postmenopausal Women Postmenopausal endometrium is thin, homogenous, and echogenic (Fig. 7.2). In 2001,…
Fig. 8.1 Normal uterus; sagittal T2-weighted MRI clearly depicting the zonal anatomy of the uterus with the three zones displayed: intermediate signal of the endometrial lining (straight arrow), low signal…
Endometrial stromal and related tumors Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma High-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma Undifferentiated uterine sarcoma Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor (UTROSCT) Smooth muscle tumors Leiomyosarcoma Epithelioid variant…
Endometrial hyperplasia Non-atypical hyperplasia Simple Complex Atypical hyperplasia Simple Complex Papillary hyperplasia Simple Complex Endometrial polyp Tamoxifen-related lesions Endometrial carcinoma (i) Endometrioid adenocarcinoma Variant with squamous differentiation Villoglandular variant Secretory…
Fig. 16.1 Pelvic lymph node dissection. 1. Sigmoid-descending colon. 2. Common iliac nodes. 3. External iliac artery. 4. External iliac vein. 5. Obturator nodes. 6. Internal iliac artery The bowel…
Fig. 13.1 Uterosacral ligaments (AHRCC) Fig. 13.2 Uterosacral ligaments removed from attachment Transverse Cervical (Cardinal/Mackenrodt’s) Ligaments This serves as the main uterine support. They attach the lateral margins of the…
Fig. 21.1 Surgeon console Fig. 21.2 Patient cart Robotic Technology It enables the surgeon to be more precise, improve their technique, and enhance their capability in performing complex minimally invasive…
Fig. 14.1 Carcinoma endometrium, Stage 1A (T1a, N0, M0) Tumor Confined to the uterus, no or < ½ myometrial invasion, Stage 1B (T1b, N0, M0) Tumor Confined to the uterus,…
Fig. 31.1 Uterine leiomyosarcoma. Multi-lobulated grey-white tumor with areas of hemorrhage and microcysts Simple hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is the mainstay of surgical management of uterine LMS. Ovaries…
Risk stratification Factors Treatment Low risk Stage IA, grade I–II Observation Intermediate risk Stage IA, grade III; stage IB, grade I–II Vaginal brachytherapy (VBT) High risk Stage IB, grade III;…
