Physiology of the male reproductive system Introduction The male reproductive physiology involves external structures (scrotum and penis) and internal structures (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and prostate). These are well vascularized…
Introduction Every healthy human female experiences reproductive cycles that organize their reproductive system for pregnancy. The reproductive cycles are under the dynamic influence of integrated action of hormones from hypothalamus,…
Embryology of the male and female reproductive systems Embryonic sexual differentiation is a very delicate process ( Fig. 1.1 ) that starts with the genotypic determination at the time of…
Abstract Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive naturally after one year of regular unprotected intercourse. Most couples do not have absolute infertility but subfertility with a reduced chance…
Abstract Assisted conception techniques using donated gametes includes the use of donated sperm in donor insemination (DI) or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) with donor sperm (DIVF), egg donation or embryo…
Abstract Reproductive medicine is an exciting specialty. It encompasses both medicine and surgery. It brings together far-flung disciplines such as gynaecology, endocrinology, genetics, embryology, andrology, imaging and more. It deals…
Abstract Sperm donation in the United Kingdom was first described as a treatment in 1945 in Mary Barton’s article in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) [1]. Before and since that…
Abstract Fertility preservation, which is defined by the National Center for Biotechnology Information as ‘a method of providing future reproductive opportunities before a medical treatment with known risk of loss…
Abstract It is generally agreed that sperm banking should be routinely offered prior to the administration of any anti-neoplastic treatment to post-pubertal males following a diagnosis of cancer. It may…
Abstract In 2017, the World Health Organization published new nomenclature for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). They renamed the procedure preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), with PGT-M for monogenic diseases and PGT-SR…
