Abstract A structurally normal and functionally competent uterus is essential for the process of reproduction including sperm transport, embryo implantation, fetal development and growth, and the process of labour and…
Abstract Conventional ovulation induction (OI) treatments are highly effective in achieving pregnancy when anovulation is the only factor in a couple’s conception delay. Fertility declines with female age and lifestyle…
Abstract The appearance of Leydig cells within the testes of a 46XY fetus from 7–10 weeks gestation marks the onset of testosterone (T) secretion stimulated by placental gonadotrophin (hCG). T…
Abstract Fallopian tubes make vital portals for the transfer of gametes and the early conceptus, and were named after Gabrielis Fallopius (Italy, 1423–1562) who first described the structures. Reinier De…
Abstract Tubal factor infertility is a common cause for infertility worldwide. Prior to the introduction of in vitro fertilisation (IVF), tubal surgery was the mainstay of fertility treatment in women…
Abstract Uterine fibroids are the most common pelvic tumours, occurring in 30% of women over the age of 30 years. Their incidence increases with age, and they are more common…
Abstract The association between endometriosis and infertility is controversial, as endometriosis can be present in both fertile and infertile women. A review of the published studies showed that the prevalence…
Abstract Male infertility is becoming a worldwide epidemic. Data suggest that there has been a constant decline in semen parameters throughout the decades of the 20th century with the mean…
Abstract Semen analysis is a fundamental part of male fertility investigation. Samples are produced by masturbation, ideally in a private room nearby to the andrology laboratory or submitted within one…
Abstract It is estimated that infertility affects 1 in 7 heterosexual couples trying for a child in the United Kingdom. The main causes of infertility are as follows [Figure 5.1]…
