Parenteral Nutrition in Neonates
KEY POINTS 1. Parenteral nutrition is a necessary component of the nutritional and medical management of the premature infant. 2. The fluid, macronutrient, and micronutrient requirements are unique to the…
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
KEY POINTS 1. Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections can cause potentially devastating infections in newborn infants. 2. HSV has a double-stranded linear DNA genome and is seen in two…
Enteral Nutrition
KEY POINTS 1. The benefits of enteral nutrition for the preterm infant extend beyond growth and encompass gastrointestinal development and gut inflammatory balance. 2. Preterm infant intake of mother’s milk,…
Neonatal Thyroid Disease
KEY POINTS 1. Thyroid hormone signaling is required for both normal fetal and pediatric development. 2. The identification of genes critical for thyroid gland development and migration and thyroid hormone…
Early-Onset Sepsis
KEY POINTS 1. Early-onset sepsis (EOS) is defined by blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid culture-confirmed infection occurring 0 to 6 days after birth. 2. Incidence is highest among preterm infants, particularly…
Human Milk
KEY POINTS 1. The female breast develops with chronologic maturation, during pregnancy, and with major physiologic/endocrine changes in preparation for lactation after delivery. 2. Care providers need to begin preparing…
Storage and Use of Human Milk in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
KEY POINTS 1. Human milk is an important source of nutrients, immunologic factors, and pre- and probiotic factors for preterm and critically ill infants for up to 6 months after…
Treatment of Apnea of Prematurity
KEY POINTS 1. There are three types of apnea: central, mixed, and obstructive. Mixed apnea is most common in longer episodes of apnea. 2. Apnea of prematurity is primarily due…
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
KEY POINTS 1. Minimally invasive surfactant therapy administered via a thin catheter is the most commonly studied less invasive surfactant administration strategy and has been shown to improve survival free…
Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
KEY POINTS 1. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) represents continued high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) after birth resulting in extrapulmonary shunting of the blood from pulmonary to systemic…
