Necrotizing Enterocolitis
KEY POINTS 1. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease of premature infants that results in life-threatening intestinal ischemia and necrosis. 2. Suspect NEC presents in a stable, formula-fed premature neonate…
Developmental Anomalies of the Globe and Ocular Adnexa in Neonates
KEY POINTS 1. Major structural abnormalities of the eye in neonates include anophthalmos (no ocular tissues), microphthalmos (small, disorganized eye), nanophthalmos (small but relatively normally structured eye), and buphthalmos (whole…
Neonatal Immunity
KEY POINTS 1. The fetal-neonatal immune system becomes activated at birth to play a role in host defense and eliminate environmental pathogens but also to tolerate self-antigens, nutrients, and commensals….
Newborn Spine Deformities
KEY POINTS 1. Spina bifida usually can be diagnosed prenatally with screening and in the early neonatal period by physical exam. Early diagnosis and intervention may improve outcomes. 2. Assessment…
Genetics of Common Birth Defects in Newborns
KEY POINTS 1. Birth defects are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children and are present in 3% to 6% of births. 2. The most common birth…
An Overview of GeneticTesting
KEY POINTS 1. Genomic medicine has emerged as a new discipline to analyze the human genome and genetic information as a part of clinical care. 2. There are various types…
Screening Programs for EarlyDetection of Inborn Errors ofMetabolism in Neonates
KEY POINTS 1. Should protein in the diet be limited while waiting for results? No. It is not recommended to change the diet to a specialized diet without confirmation of…
Altered Development of the Kidneys and the Urinary Tract
KEY POINTS 1. Congenital renal anomalies account for one-fourth of all congenital anomalies. 2. Early pre- or postnatal detection can facilitate appropriate, timely management. 3. Many infants will require coordinated,…
Stridor and Laryngotracheal Airway Obstruction in Newborns
KEY POINTS 1. Stridor is a sound caused by obstruction of the upper airway, usually from abnormalities within one or more of the subsites of the larynx (supraglottis, glottis, and…
Cataract and Glaucoma
KEY POINTS 1. Cataracts are inherited or sporadic; congenital or acquired; isolated or in a syndrome. 2. Size, density, and location of lens opacity influence its visual significance. 3. Timing…
