Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), despite being one of the most common endocrine disorders among reproductive-aged women (5%–10%) and one of the most leading causes of female infertility, is still…
Introduction In 1935, Dr. Stein and Dr. Leventhal first described the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS; Stein-Leventhal syndrome) as the etiology for irregular ovulation in young female patients presenting with hirsutism,…
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent (5%–10%) endocrine-metabolic dysfunction in adult women, characterized by chronic oligo-anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). Most women with PCOS also…
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy, affecting women in reproductive age. The manifestations of this condition consist of ovulatory, metabolic, aesthetic, psychological, and possibly an elevated…
Vitamin D metabolism Vitamin D is a steroid hormone, synthesized mainly by the skin on exposure to natural sunlight, with < 10%–20% deriving from the diet . Vitamin D is…
Introduction (why to use antiandrogens) Excessive androgen secretion, manifested as hirsutism, acne, and/or alopecia, constitutes one of the cardinal features in women and adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) ….
Introduction It is well known that in young women with PCOS, the cardiovascular (CV) risk is increased . In fact, in these patients, all CV risk factors including atherogenic dyslipidemia,…
Overview of metabolic risk profile and complications of NAFLD Excessive hepatic fat accumulation defines the primary event in the continuum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that has become the…
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with neuroendocrine dysfunctions, insulin resistance (IR), impaired ovarian steroidogenesis and hyperandrogenism . Although the etiology of PCOS is still poorly known, androgens and…
Introduction The myth of Ariadne’s thread is a fitting analogy for providing a practical and logical algorithm for the management of anovulatory PCOS. The legend tells of King Minos who,…
