Steroid 21 hydroxylase deficiency is the most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The severity of this disorder depends on the extent of impaired enzymatic activity, which is caused…
Clinical guidelines and consensus statements serve to summarize and organize current knowledge on diverse subjects and provide practical guidelines for proper clinical management. Recommendations should be based on research and…
Fluid homeostasis requires adequate water intake, regulated by an intact thirst mechanism and appropriate free water excretion by the kidneys, mediated by appropriate secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP, also known…
Prevention of loss of b cells in type 1 diabetes is a major goal of current research. Knowledge of the genetic susceptibility, increasing ability to predict who may be at…
This article reviews factors that contribute to excessive weight gain in children and outlines current knowledge regarding approaches for treating pediatric obesity. Most of the known genetic causes of obesity…
The worldwide epidemic of childhood obesity in the last decades is responsible for the occurrence in pediatrics of disorders once mainly found in adults, such as the metabolic syndrome. A…
Whether for the prepubertal or pubertal child, the goal of fertility preservation is to obtain cells or tissues to be used to produce future children. For the prepubertal child, preservation…
Adequate functioning at all levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is necessary for normal gonadal development and subsequent sex steroid production. Deficiencies at any level of the axis can lead to…
Growth hormone is a widely used hormone. This article describes its historical use, current indications and studies for possible future uses. Growth hormone (GH) first was isolated from the human…
Children’s growth is a hallmark of their normal development and the association between nutrition and linear growth in children is well accepted. Growth requires an adequate supply of many different…
