Calcium homeostasis and bones
Table 8.3 Organs that regulate calcium homeostasis Organ Function Kidney Response to Ca2+, PTH, vitamin D and calcitonin Activation of vitamin D Regulation of Ca2+ and PO43− reabsorption and excretion…
Placental structure and function
Figure 15.1 Development of the conceptus from the eight-cell stage to the time of implantation In the preimplantation phase, new trophoblast develops from the base of the inner cell mass…
Adrenal and thyroid glands and the pancreas
Figure 17.1 Hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis and control of cortisol secretion Cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus secrete corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH). Released from nerve terminals in the median eminence, this…
Cellular response to disease
Figure 23.1 Mechanisms of increased vascular permeability Chemical mediators Broadly speaking, the chemical mediators of inflammation originate either from plasma or from cells (Table 23.3). The production of active chemical…
Infections in obstetrics and gynaecology
Tuberculosis (pulmonary or extrapulmonary)NeurologicalCerebral toxoplasmosisCryptococcal meningitisAIDS dementiaGastrointestinalDiarrhoea and wasting syndromeaOesophageal candidiasisOphthalmicCytomegalovirus retinitisMalignancyKaposi sarcomaNon-Hodgkin lymphomaSystemicMycobacterium avium complex infection a May be attributable to infection with Cryptosporidium, Microsporidium or Isospora species Virology…
Gynaecological neoplasia
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumoursAlpha fetoprotein (AFP)Hepatocellular carcinomaYolk sac tumourProstate specific antigen (PSA)Prostatic carcinomaCA-125Ovarian carcinomaPrimary peritoneal carcinoma Paraneoplastic syndromes These are symptom complexes in cancer patients. They may represent earliest manifestation…
Hormonal treatment in nonmalignant gynaecological conditions
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> Chapter 28 Hormonal treatment in nonmalignant gynaecological conditions Michael Marsh Pharmacology of hormones used in gynaecological treatment Estrogens and Progestogens Natural or synthetic estrogens are compounds…
Benign gynaecological pathology
Villous oedemaLack of vesselsCircumferential trophoblastic hyperplasiaFjord-like outline of villiVessels present contain nucleated RBCsLess prominent trophoblastMaternally expressed gene product p57 is positiveSerum human hCGElevatedLess elevatedRisk of choriocarcinomaAbout 2%Rare hCG = human…
Non-Hormonal Therapy in obstetrics and gynaecology
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> Chapter 27 Non-Hormonal Therapy in obstetrics and gynaecology Kevin Hayes Many conditions in pregnancy require prescribed medication and increasing numbers of women are on regular drugs…
Viral infections in pregnancy
Figure 21.1 The pathogenesis of varicella embryopathy Immunological evidence of in utero infection This may be by one of two ways: persistence of VZV-specific IgG at one year of age…
