Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) defines menopause as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian follicular activity [1]. It is a retrospective diagnosis, which can only…
Abstract The forties are a time of irregular and sometimes heavy menstrual loss due to fluctuating levels of sex hormones. Some months are characterized by low estrogen secretion and anovulation…
Abstract Therapies for osteoporosis have been traditionally based on our understanding of bone cell activities. Bone tissue is constantly being removed and replaced (bone turnover) by osteoclasts which resorb bone…
Abstract The age of the natural menopause among women in developed countries is between 50 and 52 years [1, 2] whereas, in the less developed countries, it is 3–4 years…
Abstract The term vulvo-vaginal atrophy (VVA) defines the anatomic and physiological changes in the vulvo-vaginal tissues, which are directly related to reduced circulating estrogen levels, associated with menopause and aging….
Abstract Menopause has an overall adverse impact on musculoskeletal health. It is associated with osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and sarcopenia [1]. Osteoporosis and related fractures, together with the consequent pain and locomotor…
Abstract The female pelvic floor undergoes a large numbers of adaptive changes, related to life and endocrine events. The injuries and functional modifications of female pelvic floor due to pregnancy,…
Abstract Loss of libido is the most common sexual complaint of women, often being a final common pathway of many sexual disorders. Estimates range from 30–45 per cent depending on…
Abstract Previous studies have reported that the menopause is associated with deterioration in memory and mood in some women. Also, a significant body of research suggests that hormone ‘replacement’ therapy…
Abstract Up to 43 per cent of women and 18 per cent of men are affected by migraine at some time in their lives [1]. This sex difference is accounted…
