Ventricular Septal Defects
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Ventricular septal defects are the most common congential cardiac malformations, and often occur as part of more complex abnormalities, such as tetralogy of…
Pulmonary Stenosis and Atresia
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Pulmonary stenosis and atresia refer to congenital narrowing or complete occlusion of the right ventricular outflow tract respectively. It may occur in isolation…
Hypoplastic Left Ventricle
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a spectrum of disorders involving aortic atresia with or without mitral atresia or stenosis. The condition may…
Hypoplastic Right Ventricle
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Hypoplastic right ventricle is considerably rarer than hypoplastic left heart syndrome. It is a complex cardiac malformation with a wide spectrum of presentations,…
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Defect in formation of diaphragm that is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia. Incidence is around 1 in 2200 with 85% to 90% being left…
Atrioventricular Canal Defect
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Atrioventricular (AV) canal defect is the most common form of congenital heart disease detected prenatally and usually involves both a lower atrial and…
Bradyarrhythmias
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points The most common fetal bradyarrhythmia diagnosed prenatally is congenital complete heart block (CHB), usually occurring in association with circulating maternal anti-Ro or anti-La…
Ebstein Anomaly
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Ebstein anomaly is a malformation of the tricuspid valve, causing tricuspid insufficiency and atrialization of a significant portion of the right ventricle. When…
Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Occurs in 1 in 3000 livebirths. Fifty percent of cases have associated anomalies, most commonly cardiac, but also genitourinary, anorectoal, and musculoskeletal. Sonographic…
Tachyarrhythmias
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Fetal tachyarrhythmias include isolated extrasystoles, supraventricular tachycardia, and atrial flutter. Approximately 1% of fetuses are diagnosed with an arrhythmia. Isolated extrasystoles are the…
