Fig. 11.1 Profile of daily urinary excretion of reproductive hormones for a representative eumenorrheic, ovulatory menstrual cycle. Classic characteristics include the E1G peak in the late follicular phase, the LH…
Fig. 2.1 a, b The female reproductive system: internal organs (sagittal view). (Reprinted with permission, Cleveland Clinic Center for Medical Art & Photography © 2008–2015. All Rights Reserved) Fig. 2.2…
Fig. 19.1 Conservation of metabolic fuels and basic physiological functions in low energy availability conditions Under normal conditions, activation of the HPG axis begins with the pulsatile secretion of the…
Fig. 12.1 The association between chronic energy deficiency and exercise-associated menstrual disturbances. Chronic energy deficiency in both humans and animals promotes a disruption in energy and metabolic homeostasis (suppressed resting…
Fig. 16.1 Summary of the physiological adaptations during pregnancy Metabolic Adaptations to Pregnancy Energy Intake During Pregnancy The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy cause an increased demand for dietary…
Fig. 18.1 The primary antioxidant enzymes and their function Table 18.1 Different types of reactive oxygen species (ROS) Radicals Non-radicals Hydroxyl OH− Hypochloric acid HOCl Superoxide O2 −● Hydrogen peroxide…
Fig. 1.1 Male genital system (scheme) Fig. 1.2 Testis and epididymis (right lateral aspect) The testis is surrounded by the tunica albuginea, a thick capsule of connective tissue and smooth…
Fig. 3.1 Hormonal events of the menstrual cycle showing the direct ovulatory stimulus to be P4. FSH follitropin, LH leuteotropin, E2 estradiol-17β, P 4 progesterone. (Modified from [88, pp. 987–1000]…
Fig. 7.1 Behavior of the most relevant hormones analyzed in relation to a 2-week intensive endurance exercise. (Reprinted from [31]) The effect of exercise volumes and intensities on male endocrine…
Sporting activity Endurance Resistance 5000–10,000 m run Shot put Half marathon—marathon Discus throw 20–50 km race walk Javelin throw Olympic distance triathlon Hammer throw Ironman triathlon Olympic style weightlifting Cycling—road racing Power…
