1. Cervical cancer highlights the disparities in healthcare for which of the following reasons? a) It is a disease restricted to mainly resource limited/developing countries b) Effective screening programs and…
Abnormal vaginal bleeding is a common gynaecological symptom, and most causes are benign. International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics proposed a PALM-COEIN classification in 2011 to decrease heterogeneity in studies….
1. a) F b) T c) F d) T e) T The insufficient fetal DNA fractions in maternal plasma result in a reduced ability to discriminate between the diploid and…
The objective of this chapter is to present an overview of how menstruation, a normal bodily function, was and is perceived in various ethnic groups and cultures in the world,…
Hormonal treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), especially bleeding related to endometrial causes (AUB-E), ovulatory dysfunction (AUB-O) and coagulopathy (AUB-C), and to some extent, uterine leiomyomas and adenomyosis, has become…
The diagnosis and treatment of endometrial polyps will be familiar to most gynaecologists. However, the aetiology and natural history of these focal intrauterine lesions are yet to be elucidated. This…
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the major complaint in approximately one-third of gynecological visits in premenopausal women, and in >70% of appointments of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Uterine myoma is…
The complex pathogenesis and variable presentation of adenomyosis make it one of the most difficult of the FIGO PALM-COIEN abnormal uterine bleeding group to diagnose and treat. Basic clinical parameters…
Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide with >20% of women experiencing it during their reproductive lives. Hepcidin, a peptide hormone mostly produced by the liver, controls…
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have the potential to be extremely valuable in the clinical care delivery for women who report heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). Increasingly, studies on HMB have incorporated…
