Improved medical, economic and socio-cultural conditions have increased life expectancy, especially for women. The incidence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, psychiatric and degenerative brain diseases, especially stroke and dementia, are more…
1. a) F b) F c) F d) T e) F Sometimes we learn by ‘trial and error’ and error can also result in serendipitous discovery. Safety skills can be…
Ageing alters drug handling by the body (pharmacokinetics) and response to medications (pharmacodynamics). Multiple comorbidities increase the risk of adverse drug reactions and medication burden, with increased potential for drug…
1. Which of the following is/are true about the relationship between health expectancy and life expectancy? a) In the 19th century, health expectancy and life expectancy were similar. b) In…
Surgery for elderly women is likely to increase steadily as the population of elderly people increases globally. Although increasing age increases perioperative morbidity and mortality, the functional age and physiologic…
Expected life span is gradually increasing worldwide. Healthy dietary and exercise habits contribute to healthy ageing. Certain types of diet can prevent or reduce obesity, and may reduce the risk…
Collagen atrophy is a major factor in skin ageing. A strong correlation exists between skin collagen loss and oestrogen deficiency caused by the menopause. Skin ageing is associated with a…
Plasma glucose levels are maintained within a narrow range in normal individuals. Both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent processes contribute to fasting and postprandial plasma glucose regulation. The brain and nervous system…
Over the past century, the world has seen unprecedented declines in mortality rates, leading to an accelerated increase in the world population. This century will realise falling fertility rates alongside…
Various anatomical, physiological, genetic, lifestyle and reproductive factors interact throughout a woman’s life span and contribute to pelvic floor disorders. Ageing affects pelvic floor anatomy and function, which can result…
