Ovarian Torsion Ann M. Polcari The ovary is a female reproductive organ suspended within the pelvis. It is in close proximity to the uterus and fallopian tubes by several ligaments…

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Reagan Lindsay Ross Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remains the most commonly used form of pediatric mechanical circulatory support in the United States. More than 3500 cases…

Circumcision Anne Marie Lopez Kenan Ashouri Fawaz M. Ashouri Circumcisions have been performed for over 6000 years. The views on circumcision since that time have evolved based on religious beliefs,…

Undescended Testicle Tyler Montgomery Bradley Roche Although it has been known since ancient times that the testicles originated in the abdomen before migrating to the scrotum, John Hunter in the…

Testicular Torsion Lauren P. Shapiro Torsion was first described in 1840 by Delasiauve, yet it was not discussed as a problem until 1907 when Rigby and Russell published work on…

Breast Disorders and Gynecomastia Alison M. Moody Jessica L. Buicko EMBRYOLOGY At the 5th or 6th week of fetal development, 2 mammary ridges (bands of thickened ectoderm) form. These extend…

Cleft Lip and Palate Stephanie Scurci The earliest documented history of cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CP) was described by the Romans and Spartans and was thought to be…

Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease Adam Michael Kravietz Jessica L. Buicko Although the Romans observed “goitres” among the peoples of the Alpine regions during their conquests, the term “thyroid,” Latin for…

Thyroglossal Duct Cysts and Branchial Cleft Cysts Jessica L. Buicko Adam Michael Kravietz Head and neck masses are common in children. Location of the mass is key to diagnosis. Also…